Lot 156
Lincoln Abraham
Abraham Lincoln FF Addressed to Freedmen's Inquiry Commissioner Robert Dale Owen Only Months after Issuing Emancipation Proclamation
Free franked transmittal panel inscribed overall and signed by 16th U.S. President Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) as "A. Lincoln" at upper right. Written in Washington, D.C. on July 22, 1863, only two weeks after the decisive Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg. Affixed to cream card, else near fine. Measures 5.25" x 3".
"A. Lincoln
Hon. R.D. Owen
143. Second Avenue
East 9th St., N.Y.
Introducing Brown's Hotel
Rev. J. Eaton Jr. Washington."
The free franked transmittal panel addressed to Freedmen's Inquiry Commissioner Robert Dale Owen (1801-1877) originally contained Lincoln's endorsement of John Eaton Jr. (1829-1906). Since late 1862, Eaton had overseen 30,000 freedmen and their families in General Grant's Department of Tennessee.
A transcript of Lincoln's letter originally accompanying this address label can be found below: (the actual letter is not included in this lot)
"Executive Mansion,
Washington, July 22, 1863.
Hon. R. D. Owen.
My dear Sir
This will introduce to you and Mr McKay, Mr John Eaton Jr. the gentleman of whom we spoke yesterday, as having had charge of the freed-men in Gen. Grant’s Department. He comes to me highly recommended by Gen. Grant, as you know, & also by Judge Swayne of the U.S. Supreme Court. He takes with him, as suggested yesterday, his report, from which, as then said, I shall be glad to have a comprehensive abstract.
Yours very truly
A. Lincoln."
On September 22, 1862, President Lincoln had issued a warning to the Confederacy: if the 11 states in open rebellion did not rejoin the Union within the next 100 days, the United States government would manumit all enslaved persons within its territories. On January 1, 1863, the terms of the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect, liberating approximately 3.5 million slaves throughout Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Texas, and Florida. In the Proclamation, Lincoln also urged new freedmen to join the Union war effort: "And I further declare and make known, that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United Sates to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service."
Military and government officials soon realized that freedmen would need assistance transitioning from bondage to freedom. Agents were dispatched to report on current conditions, and their findings informed future policies. General Ulysses S. Grant's appointed Chaplain John Eaton Jr. of the 27th Ohio Volunteer Infantry to serve as general superintendent of freedmen in the Department of the Tennessee after November 1862. Following the Emancipation Proclamation, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton created the Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission to evaluate how freedmen were faring.
Eaton compiled a 57pp report on the status of the freedmen in Grant’s Department in February 1863, after reaching out to subordinates throughout the Mississippi River Valley. Eaton proudly acknowledged the freedmen's tremendous contribution to the military. He lobbied for local supervision of contractual labor arrangements, and recommended providing educational and religious instruction to recently freed slaves.
.According to Eaton, the report showed "very clearly the results of the abuses heaped upon American slaves, their present social, intellectual and moral condition, their skill at labor, their aptitudes, and suggest inferences of the utmost consequence, in reference to their Management.” Military supervision of their transition from slavery to freedom would be necessary to meet “every exigency arising in the affairs of these freed people, whether physical, social or educational, so far as is possible and is accordant with the genius of our free institutions, and the spirit of American Christian civilization.”
In March 1863, a larger-scale investigation than Eaton's was launched by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, who had tasked Robert Dale Owen, of Indiana, Col. James McKaye, of New York, and Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe of Massachusetts to “inquire into and ascertain the actual (physical, mental, and moral) condition of such persons of African descent, as by the Acts of Congress, or the President’s proclamation have been emancipated.” The Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission, as it was called, was ordered “to report such a system of measures as will...enable them to support and defend themselves as freedmen, and to elevate them in the scale of human beings. Also in what way they may be most usefully employed in the service of the Government of the United States for the suppression of the rebellion.” The commissioners traveled throughout the South interviewing former slaves and Union field commanders.
On June 11, 1863, Grant wrote to President Lincoln forwarding Eaton’s report: “Finding that negroes were coming into our lines in great numbers, I determined to appoint a General Superintendent over the whole subject….Mr. Eatons labors in his undertaking have been unremitting and skillful...That he has been of very great service to the blacks in having them provided for when otherwise they would have been neglected, and to the Government in finding employment for the negro…the accompanying report will show.”
In turn, on June 30, 1863, the Commission issued its 13,000-word preliminary report to Secretary of War Stanton, featuring sections on “Negroes as Refugees,” “Negroes as Military Laborers,” and “Negroes as Soldiers.” The commissioners admitted their work was not yet sufficient to suggest “a definite system for the ultimate solution of one of the gravest social problems ever presented to a Government,” but recognized that the Federal government would play a major role. They also observed that Lincoln “would probably be surprised to learn with what reverence, bordering on superstition, he is regarded by these poor people.”
Eaton wrote to Lincoln on July 18, 1863 from the National Hotel in Washington, D.C. “In view of the increasing demand for some general provision for these freedmen—about 30,000 being now under my supervision—it was deemed expedient by Genl Grant that I should take this statement to you & be at hand to give any further information you might require. Should you wish it, I could, perhaps save your time by selecting & reading to you such parts of the statement as bear most directly upon the general action proposed.”
Three days later, Eaton met Lincoln: “Armed with the letter from General Grant and with my report, I presented myself at the White House. There was no delay, no obstructive formality. The messenger took my letter at once to the President and promptly ushered me into Mr. Lincoln’s apartment. My call was so timed that the multitude of visitors as well as the clerks—‘the boys,’ as Mr. Lincoln called them—were gone for the day, and the President was sitting by his office desk alone. His cordial manner put me at once at my ease. There was not the slightest affectation, nor assumption of superiority. We talked with the utmost freedom, but I found myself subjected to the keenest investigation that it has ever been my experience to undergo.” Eaton left his report, returning the next morning. Lincoln, clearly satisfied, next sent Eaton, armed with this letter, to meet with the American Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission.
Eaton, as directed by Lincoln, went to New York and reported to the Commission as it was beginning to prepare its own final report. Eaton recalled, “after carefully considering the facts… and questioning me personally, they concluded that our experience in the Valley was a very valuable contribution to solving the problem of how the freedmen should be treated.” In response to Lincoln’s request in our letter to Owen, on August 5, 1863, Owen sent the President a 29pp abstract of Eaton’s report. (See Appendix for the abstract.)
On August 27, 1863, Eaton wrote from Vicksburg to Robert Dale Owen, telling him he had read the Commission’s preliminary report in the New York Evening Post “with great satisfaction.” He gave a pamphlet copy to Generals Grant and George Thomas “as we came down on the boat together from Memphis,” and they declared it to be “very sensible and useful.” Eaton asked Owen for a half dozen more copies. He also reported that the numbers of refugee freedmen had increased, their sufferings “have been great,” and deaths among them had been “numerous.” Some of his assistant superintendents had also died, and others were sick. Nevertheless, Eaton remained hopeful and was committed to “try what can be done.”
In September 1863, the Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission asked Eaton for an update. Eaton responded from Vicksburg, although “just now we are so overwhelmed with organization and the first works necessary to save health and life.” He promised to answer as soon as possible.
On March 1, 1864, a bill passed the U.S. House of Representatives for the establishment within the War Department of a bureau for the control of freedmen’s affairs. The Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission’s final report, issued just over ten weeks later, which Secretary Stanton submitted to Congress, also supported the creation of such a bureau. When referred to the Senate, Charles Sumner as the chair of the Committee on Slavery and Freedom altered the bill to place the proposed bureau in the Treasury Department. As a conference committee tried to bridge the differences between the House and Senate in early 1865, John Eaton again traveled to Washington. After the Senate did not accept a compromise version making the bureau independent and reporting directly to the president, another conference committee debated it again. In the end Congress pass An Act to establish a Bureau for the Relief of Freedmen and Refugees near the end of the session, and Lincoln signed it into law on March 3, 1865.
On May 15, 1864, the Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission issued its 50,000-word final report to Secretary of War Stanton. Arranged in three chapters on “Slavery,” “Emancipation,” and “The Future in the United States of the African Race,” the commission summarized their findings. Supplementary reports offered detailed observations from the lower Mississippi River Valley and of freedmen living in Canada West. They recommended to: “Offer the freedmen temporary aid and counsel until they become a little accustomed to their new sphere of life; secure to them, by law, their just rights of person and property; relieve them, by a fair and equal administration of justice, from the depressing influence of disgraceful prejudice; above all, guard them against the virtual restoration of slavery in any form, under any pretext, and then let them take care of themselves.”
On August 12, 1864, Lincoln gave Eaton two missions. First, to report to Secretary of War Stanton on the freedmen in the Mississippi River Valley. Second, to visit his old commander General Grant at City Point, Virginia, to learn what Grant thought of efforts to nominate him for the Presidency. The Republicans had already re-nominated Lincoln as the candidate of the “National Union Party” with Andrew Johnson as his new running mate, while the Democrats had nominated General George B. McClellan. Some pressed for Grant as a compromise candidate to save the Union. When Eaton asked Grant if supporters could convince him to become a candidate, Grant’s response was emphatic, “They can’t do it! They can’t compel me to do it!” When Eaton reported this to Lincoln a few days later, “the President fairly glowed with satisfaction.”
During his visit to Washington in early 1865, Eaton again met with President Lincoln several times. On January 16, 1865, Lincoln gave Eaton a pass to General Grant’s headquarters in Virginia. In February, Eaton drafted an order summarizing Lincoln’s verbal instructions: “Col. Eaton, You will continue your supervision of the Freedmen over the same territory and on the same principles as in the past, make such improvements as experience may suggest, until legislation shall require some further change.” Lincoln signed it and dated it February 10, 1865.
Robert Dale Owen's abstract of Eaton's report makes for fascinating reading. Highlights of the abstract are provided below, and illustrate the true condition of black freedmen in the South during the waning days of the Civil War. (See very bottom for fuller transcript).
Once they were freed, "The negroes were flocking in and swarming confusedly around the military post…Some of these had, in various ways, gone back to slavery; others had found Northern homes…They usually came within our lines wretchedly clad, some having hardly enough to cover their nakedness, a few, however, had borrowed good clothing of their masters, for their journey… [Some freedmen brought property with them, but Much of this property however was taken from them by officers and soldiers who appropriated it to their private use; the rest was turned over to the Quarter-master…"
Freedmen were not accustomed to certain civil liberties: "Neither they nor their fathers had been allowed to marry, “as white folks do.” They understood that the main object of their masters in bringing the sexes together was to have them beget children; therefore they argued they might promote that object out of, as well as in, marriage bonds…"
Fair treatment of the recently manumitted slaves and their families at the hands of Union troops was by no means guaranteed: "Where they were gathered in Camps, located near our forces, they seem to have suffered a good deal of brutal treatment at the hands of the soldiers; especially at first, when white guards alone were employed. When removed from the vicinity of the army, and especially since colored guards have been employed, the evils have lessened…Too often however, the soldiers and lower officers, have shown their contempt for the works of mercy; and have treated the colored people most brutally. This of course encouraged vicious and disloyal citizens to follow the bent of their prejudices and passions, and to heap upon the poor refugees indignities and cruelties of the most abominable kind…It seems by the report from the various posts that most of these people were supposed to have merely exchanged masters; and were expected as a matter of course to be hewers of wood and drawers of water for the United States without pay and even without clothing…They seem to have left their homes reluctantly, and only to gain freedom; for they all manifest strong local attachment; they wish to return to their homes if they can go there as free men; and never wish to go Northward, unless urged by fears of being re-enslaved…They seem to have left their homes reluctantly, and only to gain freedom; for they all manifest strong local attachment; they wish to return to their homes if they can go there as free men; and never wish to go Northward, unless urged by fears of being re-enslaved…"
Ultimately, there was consensus that freedmen had the largest stake in the Civil War, fighting those who had enslaved them: "The policy of Arming the Refugees…Is urged by all the Superintendents. One says: “I believe in giving them their freedom by their swords. Policy and humanity say, Arm the negro. History affords all the necessary precedents for liberating slaves and arming them as soldiers, to fight in defense of their county. Blacks fought in the Revolutionary struggle, and in the War of 1812. Let them fight in the war for their own liberty.”…Moreover their labor, while its loss cripples the rebellion, aids our cause in various ways…That it is morally certain that the Exodus from Slavery will largely increase. In his words: “Should the knowledge of the Proclamation continue to increase and general destitution prevail in the rebellious districts, what may we not expect?"
John Eaton Jr., the subject of this letter, was born in New Hampshire and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1854. He studied at Andover Theological Seminary and was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1862. In August 1861, he entered the Civil War as a chaplain for the 27th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. In 1862, Ulysses S. Grant asked Eaton to supervise freedmen at all posts from Cairo, Illinois to Natchez, Mississippi and Fort Smith, Arkansas. On October 10, 1863, Eaton received a commission as colonel of the 63rd U.S. Colored Infantry, which served in various garrison posts in Mississippi. Grant appointed Eaton as Superintendent of Negro Affairs for the Department of the Tennessee, where Eaton supervised the creation of 74 schools for African Americans. He worked with the Freedmen’s Bureau from March to December 1865, then edited a Memphis newspaper before serving as Tennessee’s state superintendent of schools from 1867 to 1869. In 1870, President Grant appointed him as U.S. Commissioner of Education, a position he held until 1886. He later served as president of colleges in Ohio, Alaska, and Utah.
Robert Dale Owen, the recipient of this letter, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, and immigrated when his father, Robert Owen, established the socialistic utopian community of New Harmony, Indiana in 1825. A Democrat, Owen served in Indiana and then in the U.S. House of Representatives (1843-1847), where he sponsored the bill that established the Smithsonian Institution. He was a delegate to the 1850 Indiana Constitutional Convention. During the Civil War, he served as a member of the Ordnance Commission and the Freedman’s Inquiry Commission. In 1862, he published open letters to Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase, urging them to support emancipation. In 1863, Owen wrote a pamphlet entitled Emancipation Is Peace, recognizing it as a means to end the war. In 1864, he published a report entitled The Wrong of Slavery, the Right of Emancipation, and the Future of the African Race, in which he advocated governmental assistance to the freedmen.
James M. McKaye (1805-1888) was born in New York and attended a military academy in Connecticut, where he also taught mathematics. Returning to Buffalo, he opened his own military academy. During the Patriot War of 1837-1838, McKaye commanded the Buffalo City Guards militia. He joined Millard Fillmore's law office before opening his own law practice. Becoming active in new businesses, he helped create and manage the American Express Company, Wells Fargo & Company, and the American Telegraph Company, of which he was president until it merged with Western Union. In June 1862, he published a pamphlet entitled Of the Birth and Death of Nations: A Thought for the Crisis, which advocated abolition. McKaye served as a member of the American Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission. In 1864, McKaye issued a supplementary report to Secretary of War Stanton entitled The Mastership and Its Fruits: The Emancipated Slave Face to Face with His Old Master, in which he called for a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery and urged Congress to guarantee the freedmen’s civil and voting rights.
Appendix
Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission Abstract of John Eaton’s Report, August 1863
Abstract of the Report of Mr. John Eaton, Freedmen’s Superintendent for Tennessee.
Prepared, for the President, by the American Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission.
Abstract of Mr. John Eaton’s Report.
He was appointed by the General commanding in the Department of Tennessee to assume general supervision of the Freedmen Dec. 17. 1862. He states forcibly the difficulties of his new and untried field; and acknowledges the considerate attention and support ever given to him by the General commanding. The negroes were flocking in and swarming confusedly around the military post. The first thing was to gather and tabulate the statistics of their number & condition.
Statistics.
There were, or had been, over twenty-two thousand colored refugees under the care or observation of the various Superintendents at Corinth, Grand Junction, Memphis, La Grange, Providence La. Cairo Ill. Jackson Tenn., and Columbus Ky. Some of these had, in various ways, gone back to slavery; others had found Northern homes. General statistics were gathered concerning 6747 persons at Corinth, Grand Junction and Memphis. Of these 1372 were men, 2224 women, and 1372 children. About half of these were Africans; the rest of mixed blood. About a hundred were mechanics; about a thousand cooks or laundresses. Nearly two hundred could read, and about forty read and write.
Clothing.
They usually came within our lines wretchedly clad, some having hardly enough to cover their nakedness, a few, however, had borrowed good clothing of their masters, for their journey. They were generally soon made comfortable in this respect by supplies from the Government, and by gifts from the North.
Shelter.
They were sheltered in tents, in barracks or in old or deserted houses; but in many cases, men made cabins for themselves.
Rations.
In most cases soldiers rations were issued to them as soon as they came; at some places however not until later. The rations seem to have generally been sufficient and satisfactory.
Property brought with them.
They brought in with them horses, oxen, mules, wagons, yokes, chains &c, besides some cotton; of which they had “spoiled the Egyptians.” Much of this property however was taken from them by officers and soldiers who appropriated it to their private use; the rest was turned over to the Quarter-master. So generally were they rewarded for having spoiled their and our enemies, by being spoiled in return, that it is noted as a remarkable fact, that they were righteously allowed at La Grange, to sell two ox-teams for their own benefit.
Hospital Arrangements.
Many fell sick; and in most cases, they seem to have been, all things considered, well provided for in hospitals, and to have been kindly treated. It is reported however that at Memphis, there was shameful neglect and mismanagement on the part of surgeons and officials.
Treatment by Officers & Others.
Where they were gathered in Camps, located near our forces, they seem to have suffered a good deal of brutal treatment at the hands of the soldiers; especially at first, when white guards alone were employed. When removed from the vicinity of the army, and especially since colored guards have been employed, the evils have lessened. The Superintendent generally reports that they have had assistance and encouragement in their work of beneficence from the superior officers and U. S. Officials. Too often however, the soldiers and lower officers, have shown their contempt for the works of mercy; and have treated the colored people most brutally. This of course encouraged vicious and disloyal citizens to follow the bent of their prejudices and passions, and to heap upon the poor refugees indignities and cruelties of the most abominable kind.
Labor and Service.
It seems by the report from the various posts that most of these people were supposed to have merely exchanged masters; and were expected as a matter of course to be hewers of wood and drawers of water for the United States without pay and even without clothing. To a question upon this matter the following replies were given: Corinth "All men except the infirm, and few for camp were employed. All women, saving those having large families, or small children;—generally reported industrious and faithful, when well-treated. Many have worked from 2 to 12 months, and never received a cent, or a rag, yet, as reward, alike as private servants, and Government employees." Cairo "Many employed in Quarter Master Department & Post-Hospitals. Cannot give definite numbers." Gnd Junction “All the men, but feeble, employed by Government, or individuals, or in camp; -- have cut wood and lumber -- handled goods, erected defenses. One hundred and fifty went to Vicksburg, -- many in Q. M. and Commissary Departments. Women & children pick cotton for Government & for private individuals." Holly Springs and Memphis. “A large amount for each." Memphis. “Average able-bodied men for the month eighty-five. Erecting cabins -- preparing camp -- many have been turned over to different Departments, sometimes most grossly abused; as for instance, some worked all day in water, drenched, nearly frozen, and then driven to tents for shelter, to sheds for sleep without covering and almost without fire and food. They have come back to die by scores. Wages seldom paid -- none in Hospitals. The services of a large number have been stolen out-right." Bolivar “None employed by individuals; many for Government; building fortifications; cutting wood, rolling logs, running saw mills, and in Q. M. Dp’ts. and Hospitals no general system of pay." Providence "Digging canal—picking cotton."
Assistants.
There is no mention of any lack of assistants. Besides those regularly employed some have volunteered and done good service.
Instruction.
There seems to have been no regular provision for instructions. Some good Samaritans volunteered to teach on Sunday, and at other times; and there were, at some posts, schools kept regularly for a few weeks. Mention is made of preparations to build school-houses.
Motives for coming into our lines.
All the testimony goes to show that the slaves had almost universally a strong desire to be free, and a vague idea that fleeing to the enemies of their masters would make them free. The immediate cause of their running away, was, in a great many cases, a fear of being baulked of freedom by being sold “down South.” Many allege cruel treatment as the cause. They seldom however manifest any desire of revenge upon their masters. Some had a clear and precise idea that the war was to bring emancipation, and acted upon that idea. They seem to have left their homes reluctantly, and only to gain freedom; for they all manifest strong local attachment; they wish to return to their homes if they can go there as free men; and never wish to go Northward, unless urged by fears of being re-enslaved.
The fact that, although free, they are obliged to work does not appear to have surprised them, or to have made them repent their flight.
Of their intelligence.
Most of the Superintendents say they were agreeably surprised at the degree of intelligence shown by the refugees. They seem to have a concealed stock of ideas and knowledge, and to draw upon it in case of need. Many who usually seemed stupid, and were held to be nearly idiotic, showed great ingenuity in shirking what they deemed overtasks; and they became bright and clever when it came to contriving means for escaping from bondage.
Their ideas of freedom.
Vary of course with their degree of intelligence. There was a general idea that freedom would come as the result of the war. They wished to be free from the necessity of working for others, but not from the necessity of working for themselves.
Their ideas of property.
Varied likewise with their intelligence, though all had a distinct sense of ownership of certain property, as their kitchen utensils, and the like. These were “their own, not master’s”. The more intelligent extended the idea of ownership to other things. Some had been accumulating money for many months in view of their flight.
Honesty.
The general testimony is that they had no sense of honesty, as towards their masters and oppressors. Towards their friends and others, they seem to be about on the same moral plane as other people of like grade of culture. One Superintendent says: “I verily believe that their habits in this particular have not been so thoroughly prostituted by the influence of all the centuries of their degradation in slavery as have those of our patriot soldiery, in two years of war.”
Their willingness to work when they have any pay or hopes of pay is almost universally vouched for. In many cases they worked patiently and faithfully even when not paid, and not fully assured that they would be paid. The Superintendent at Corinth says: “So far as I have tested it, better than I anticipated. They are Willing to work for money, except in waiting on the sick. One hundred and fifty hands gathered 500 acres of cotton in less than three weeks -- much of which time was bad weather. The owner admitted that it was done quicker than it could have been done with slaves. When detailed for service, they generally remained till honorably discharged, even when badly treated. I am well satisfied, from careful calculations, that the freedmen of this Camp and District have netted the Government, over and above all their expenses, including rations, tents, &c., at least $3000. per month, independent of what the women do, and all the property brought through our lines from the rebels.”
Religion.
The universal testimony is that they have a strong religious disposition. They have great veneration. They have in their stock (or race), all ... for full description contact University Archives
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